If you are a gun enthusiast or a DIY firearms builder, you have likely heard the term 80 lowers. These unfinished lower receivers have become increasingly popular due to their versatility, customization potential, and cost-effectiveness. But what exactly is an 80 lower? How does it fit into the process of building your own firearm? And what are the legal and technical aspects you should be aware of before starting this project?
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore what 80 lowers are, the benefits of using them, the legal considerations, and how to complete them to create a fully functioning firearm. Whether you are a seasoned gun builder or a beginner, this article will equip you with all the necessary information.
What Is an 80 Lower?
An 80 lower is an unfinished lower receiver for firearms, particularly for popular platforms like the AR-15 and AR-10 rifles. As the term suggests, it is 80% complete. This means that the lower receiver is partially drilled and shaped, but there is still essential work that needs to be done before it becomes a fully functional firearm.
The lower receiver is a key part of any firearm, serving as the housing for the trigger group, safety selector, magazine well, and buffer tube. The 80 lower typically comes in an uncompleted state, and the builder must finish it by completing the machining and drilling processes necessary to bring it to life.
Why Choose an 80 Lower?
There are several reasons why people opt for 80 lowers instead of purchasing pre-assembled lower receivers or factory-made firearms. Below are the most common motivations:
1. Customization and Personalization
One of the main reasons why gun enthusiasts choose 80 lowers is the ability to fully customize their firearm. By building your own lower receiver, you gain complete control over the components you choose, such as the trigger, stock, and handguard. You can select parts that match your preferences, whether you are aiming for a lightweight design, a specific aesthetic, or enhanced performance.
This level of customization allows you to create a firearm that is uniquely yours, with every part carefully chosen and assembled to suit your needs. For many builders, the process of customizing a firearm is one of the most rewarding aspects of working with 80 lowers.
2. Cost Savings
Building your firearm from an 80 lower can often be more affordable than buying a complete, factory-assembled rifle. While there are initial expenses for tools and parts, you have the flexibility to source components at different price points, allowing you to stick to a budget. If you choose the right parts and take advantage of deals, you can save a significant amount of money while still building a high-quality firearm.
Additionally, if you already own some of the necessary tools, like a drill press or milling machine, the cost of completing an 80 lower can be reduced, making it an even more economical choice for DIY firearm builders.
3. Education and Skill Development
Building your own firearm from an 80 lower is an excellent way to gain a deeper understanding of how firearms function. By completing the lower receiver, you will become familiar with key components of the firearm and learn the mechanics behind their operation. This knowledge can help you troubleshoot and repair firearms in the future, as well as develop a strong understanding of firearm assembly and design.
If you are interested in gaining hands-on experience and learning more about firearms, building from an 80 lower is an engaging and educational project.
4. Privacy and Control
Another advantage of purchasing an 80 lower is that it allows for more privacy and control over your firearm. In many states, the purchase of an 80 lower does not require a background check since it is not legally considered a firearm until it is completed. This gives you more privacy compared to buying a fully assembled firearm, as it doesn’t require a transaction that involves background checks or registration with government agencies.
Moreover, the 80 lower provides you with full control over when and how you complete the firearm, ensuring that you can take your time with the process.
The Legal Implications of 80 Lowers
Before embarking on a project involving 80 lowers, it is critical to understand the legal landscape surrounding them. While these lowers are legal to purchase in many states, there are important legal requirements that you must follow once they are completed. The legality of 80 lowers can vary depending on federal and state laws.
Federal Law
Under federal law in the United States, 80 lowers are not considered firearms until they are completed. This means that you can purchase an 80 lower without needing to undergo a background check or other firearm-related paperwork, as long as the receiver remains unfinished. However, once you complete the 80 lower and turn it into a functioning firearm, it is considered a firearm under federal law and must be subject to all legal regulations.
When you complete an 80 lower, you must serialize it (in some cases), and you must also follow federal regulations regarding firearm ownership and transfer. This means that once the firearm is finished, it will be subject to the same legal restrictions as any other firearm. If you wish to sell or transfer the completed firearm, you will need to conduct a background check on the buyer and comply with all necessary legal procedures.
State Laws
While federal law provides a general framework for 80 lowers, state laws can differ significantly. Some states impose stricter regulations on 80 lowers, while others are more lenient. Below are some examples of how state laws may affect 80 lowers:
- California: California requires that all firearms, including those built from 80 lowers, be registered with the state and have a serial number. In addition, the state mandates that the 80 lower be serialized once completed.
- New York: Similar to California, New York requires 80 lowers to be serialized and registered once completed. Failure to comply with these requirements can lead to legal issues.
- Texas: Texas has more relaxed laws regarding 80 lowers, and as long as the lower receiver remains unfinished, it is not considered a firearm. However, once completed, the firearm must be treated as any other firearm under Texas law.
It is essential to research the laws in your specific state before purchasing or completing an 80 lower. Legal compliance is key to ensuring that you avoid any complications during the process.
How to Complete an 80 Lower
Completing an 80 lower requires specific tools and processes. While it can be a fun and rewarding DIY project, it does require precision and attention to detail. Below is a basic overview of the process involved in completing an 80 lower:
Step 1: Gather the Necessary Tools
To complete an 80 lower, you will need several tools, including:
- Drill press or milling machine: To drill pin holes and mill the fire control pocket.
- Jig kit: A jig helps align the lower receiver and ensures the correct placement of holes and cuts.
- Drill bits: Needed for drilling the holes for pins and other components.
- End mills: Used for milling the fire control pocket and other areas of the lower receiver.
- Clamps: To hold the lower receiver and jig securely during the process.
Step 2: Install the Jig
The jig is an essential tool for completing an 80 lower. It helps guide the drilling and milling operations and ensures that all the cuts are made in the correct locations. Install the jig according to the instructions provided with it, ensuring that it is securely aligned with the lower receiver.
Step 3: Drill the Necessary Holes
Use your drill press or milling machine to drill holes for components like the trigger, hammer, and safety selector. These holes must be drilled with precision to ensure that the assembled firearm functions correctly.
Step 4: Mill the Fire Control Pocket
The most critical step in completing an 80 lower is milling the fire control pocket. This is where the trigger, hammer, and other internal components will fit. Using an end mill, carefully remove the material in this area, following the markings on the jig.
Step 5: Finish and Clean the Lower Receiver
Once the major cuts and drills are done, you’ll need to clean up the receiver. This includes deburring the edges and ensuring that all cuts are smooth and free of sharp edges. You can use files, sandpaper, or other tools to smooth out any rough areas.
Step 6: Assemble the Fire Control Group
Once the 80 lower is completed, you can proceed to assemble the fire control group. This includes inserting the trigger, hammer, and safety selector, along with any other necessary internal components.
Conclusion
80 lowers provide firearm enthusiasts with a unique opportunity to build their own custom firearms. With the ability to personalize your rifle, save money, and gain valuable skills, it’s no wonder that so many people choose to complete 80 lowers.
However, it’s important to remember that building a firearm from an 80 lower comes with legal responsibilities. Always check both federal and state laws before purchasing or completing an 80 lower, and be sure to comply with any applicable regulations once the firearm is finished.
By following the proper steps and ensuring legal compliance, you can enjoy the satisfaction of building your own firearm from scratch, while also ensuring that it functions safely and effectively. Whether you’re a seasoned builder or a newcomer to the world of firearms, working with 80 lowers can be an exciting and rewarding experience.